Nevertheless, the Iranian clergy, at the time, were indifferent to political affairs. Hence, the form of government does not matter as long as sharia is imposed. According to him, a government is legitimate as long as it upholds the Law of God, i.e., the sharia.
However, it was in 1942 that Khomeini’s conception of an Islamic State takes shape when he anonymously published, Kashf-al-Asrar (The Discovery of Secrets).
But the maulvis say that sharia is God’s law made by Him only.Īyatollah Khomeini, the mystic turned politician in the years of 1930s, gave public lectures against the Pahlavi regime and wrote against the anti-clerical intellectuals. This means that positive law is human made. The idea of sharia law as positive law basically negates sharia as a normative system. The question is what is sharia? Literally it means God’s law. Khomeini called for the enactment of sharia law. Also, certain centric elements were present who advocated for a combination of Western and Islamic traditions, such as Ali Shariati. Hence, as a response, Iran saw a rise in Islamic fundamentalists of the likes of Khomeini and Navvab Safavi. During the Shah’s regime, there were anti-clerical secular intellectuals who wrote extensively against the clergy. No Iranian ruler ever attacked the position and prestige of the ulema, and devalued Islam in the process of its own monarchical glorification, in the way the Pahlavi regime did. The Iranian Revolution of 1979 was unique as religious clerics had a leading role in it. Nickki Keddie uses the term “cultural Westernization” in her book, Modern Iran: roots and revolution, whereby Western ideas were backed by the Shah’s regime which had negative economic impacts and attacked the Iranian sense of identity. The post-1960s Iran saw a rise in religious opposition to the Pahlavi state that is not to say that secular elements did not exist. Had she appeased his request, then it would have been easier to quell the protests in Iran as a western woman covered her head. President Raisi abandoned his CNN interview because the news presenter wouldn’t take up hijab. The death of Mahsa Amini at the hands of Iran’s morality police has led to widespread protests in the country where women are cutting off their hair and burning their hijabs - a solid act of defiance to Khamenei’s regime.Ĭurbing the rights of women in Iran isn’t enough. Iran makes headlines again for all the wrong reasons.
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